Masana ena otentha kwambiri m'chilimwe cha 2022, ndinayima m'khitchini yanga yoyendetsedwa ndi nyengo, ndikuyang'ana makina anga osinthira madzi akuyeretsa madzi kufika pa 99.9%. Ndinamva ngati wamakono kwambiri, wodzikuza. Kenako ndinakumbukira nkhani yomwe agogo anga anandiuza: pokulira kumidzi ku China, banja lawo linkadzaza miphika yadothi ndi madzi a m'mitsinje, kutsanulira makala ochepa ndi zipolopolo za oyster zophwanyika, ndikuzisiya kuti ziume usiku wonse. Pofika m'mawa, zinali zokonzeka kumwa.

Kenako zinandikhudza kwambiri: sitinapange chilakolako cha madzi oyera. Tangochipanga kukhala cha mafakitale. Kwa zaka masauzande ambiri, anthu akhala akuyeretsa madzi, pogwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe zinali zapamwamba kwambiri panthawiyo. Ndipo mwanjira ina, njira zakale zimenezo zidakali ndi maphunziro kwa nthawi yathu yaukadaulo wokwera kwambiri.

Zosefera Zoyamba za Madzi: Makala ndi Mchenga

Njira zakale kwambiri zoyeretsera madzi zinali zosavuta, zokongola, komanso zogwira mtima modabwitsa. Sizinkafuna magetsi, sizinkatulutsa zinyalala, ndipo zinkagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zinkabwezeretsedwanso mosavuta.

Makala: Fyuluta Yoyambirira ya Kaboni

Makala, omwe amapangidwa ndi nkhuni zoyaka pamalo opanda mpweya wokwanira, akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeretsa madzi kwa zaka zosachepera 4,000. Amwenye akale ndi Aigupto anaona kuti kusunga madzi m'mitsuko yamatabwa yoyaka moto kunapangitsa kuti madziwo akhale atsopano kwa nthawi yayitali.

Iwo sanamvetse sayansi, koma anaona momwe zinthu zinalili. Masiku ano tikudziwa kuti mpweya wopangidwa ndi activated carbon umanyowa zinthu kudzera mu njira yotchedwa physical adsorption, komwe mamolekyu amamatira ku malo akuluakulu komanso otupa a mpweya wa carbon. Galamu imodzi ya mpweya wopangidwa ndi activated carbon wamakono ili ndi malo okwana masikweya mita oposa 3,000. Makala akale, ngakhale kuti sanali oyeretsedwa kwambiri, ankagwira ntchito mofanana.

Zimene sankadziwa: Sankadziwa za mabakiteriya, mavairasi, kapena mankhwala osungunuka. Amangodziwa kuti madzi osungidwa ndi makala amakoma bwino ndipo sankawonongeka mwachangu. Amachotsa fungo ndikuwongolera kukoma, monga momwe zosefera zathu za kaboni zimachitira masiku ano.

Mchenga ndi Miyala: Fyuluta Yoyambirira ya Sediment

Zojambula zakale za ku Egypt kuyambira mu 1500 BCE zikusonyeza kuti madzi ankasefedwa kudzera mu mchenga ndi miyala. Aroma anamanga mabeseni okhazikika bwino, pogwiritsa ntchito mchenga ndi miyala kuti achotse zinyalala madzi asanalowe m'mitsinje yawo. Ku India, Sushruta Samhita, buku lachipatala la m'zaka za m'ma 600 BCE, linafotokoza za madzi otentha ndi kusefa kudzera mu mchenga ndi makala.

Zimene sankadziwa: Kusefa mchenga kumagwira ntchito mwa kutsekereza zinthu zakuthupi komanso kuchitapo kanthu pa zamoyo. Kapangidwe kake ka biofilm kamene kamapangidwa pa mchenga kamagaya zinthu zina zachilengedwe. Kamagwiritsidwabe ntchito poyeretsa madzi m'matauni mpaka pano.

Kusintha kwa Kutentha

Madzi otentha akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka zosachepera 5,000, koma dziko lakale silinkamvetsa za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Ankawiritsa madzi kuti akhale "opepuka" kapena kuchotsa "nthabwala zoipa," osati kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Sizinali mpaka mu 1854 pamene dokotala wina wa ku Britain dzina lake John Snow anazindikira kuti madzi oipa ndi omwe anayambitsa mliri wa kolera ku London. Kupeza kwake kunali nthawi yofunika kwambiri pa thanzi la anthu. Kuwiritsa mwadzidzidzi kunali ndi cholinga chomveka bwino cha sayansi: kupha mabakiteriya.

Koma kuwiritsa kuli ndi zoletsa. Sikuchotsa chilichonse: palibe mchere, palibe zitsulo zolemera, palibe zodetsa mankhwala. Ndi kavalo kakang'ono. Makolo athu anatetezedwa ku matenda opatsirana, koma anali kumwabe madzi omwe akanatha kudzazidwa ndi arsenic, lead, kapena madzi otayira m'minda. Iwo sankadziwa zimenezo.

Akatswiri a Alchemists ndi Mwala wa Afilosofi

Pakati pa kugwa kwa Roma ndi Renaissance, akatswiri a zaulimi aku Europe anayesa kuyeretsedwa kwa madzi monga gawo la kufunafuna kwawo "mwala wa wafilosofi" ndi "mankhwala ochiritsa moyo." Anasungunula madzi, nthunzi yofewa, ndikupanga zipangizo zofanana kwambiri ndi zida zamakono zosungunula madzi.

Kusungunula: Kutenthetsa madzi kuti atulutse nthunzi ndikubwezeretsanso kukhala madzi kumachotsa pafupifupi chilichonse—mchere, mankhwala, mabakiteriya. Agiriki akale ankadziwa za kusungunula, koma akatswiri a zaulimi achiarabu ndi omwe anasungunula. M'zaka za m'ma 800, Jabir ibn Hayyan anafotokoza njira zosungunula mafuta onunkhira ndi mankhwala, ponena kuti madzi osungunuka anali oyera kwambiri.

Koma kusungunula zinthu m'madzi kunali kochedwa, kumafuna mphamvu zambiri, komanso kosathandiza kwa mabanja. Kunakhalabe chinthu chochititsa chidwi m'ma laboratori kwa zaka mazana ambiri.

Kupeza Kwambiri: Moyo Wosaoneka ndi Ma Microscopic

M'zaka za m'ma 1600, anabweretsa maikulosikopu, ndipo pamodzi nayo, anapeza vumbulutso lalikulu. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, wasayansi wa ku Dutch, anayang'ana madzi amvula kudzera mu magalasi ake opangidwa kunyumba ndipo anaona dziko lodzaza ndi zolengedwa zazing'ono. Sanadziwe kuti ndi mabakiteriya, koma ankadziwa kuti anali amoyo.

Kupeza kumeneku kunasintha nkhani: madzi sanali chinthu chokhacho; anali malo okhala. Lingaliro lakuti kumwa madzi kungakhale choyambitsa matenda linali likadali lotsutsana—chiphunzitso cha majeremusi cha matenda sichinavomerezedwe kwambiri mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800—koma kukayikirako kunabzalidwa.

Nyengo Yamakono: Kusefa Kumakhala Kopanga Mafakitale

M'zaka za m'ma 1800, ntchito yokonza madzi m'mafakitale inali yofanana ndi nthawi ya kuyeretsa madzi m'mafakitale. Mzinda wa London unamanga zosefera zazikulu za mchenga. Paris inawonjezera kuuma kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta madzi m'magawo. Chomera choyamba cha chlorination cha madzi m'matauni padziko lonse lapansi chinayamba kugwira ntchito mu 1908 ku United States.

Kupeza mwangozi: Kupereka mankhwala a chlorine kunali pafupifupi mwangozi. Zinali zodziwika kuti chlorine inapha mabakiteriya, koma palibe amene anayesa kuchita zimenezo mozama. Mu 1908, kampani yamadzi ku New Jersey, yomwe inkafuna kuthetsa kufalikira kwa typhoid, inayamba kuwonjezera mankhwala a bleach m'madzi. Zinagwira ntchito. Pofika mu 1920, kupereka mankhwala a chlorine kunali kofala, ndipo matenda opatsirana m'madzi anachepa kwambiri.

Koma kuyika chlorine m'madzi kunabweretsa mtengo. Mankhwala omwewo omwe adapha mabakiteriya adapanganso zinthu zophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (DBPs), kuphatikizapo trihalomethanes (THMs), zomwe zikuganiziridwa kuti zimayambitsa khansa. Masiku ano, kuyeretsa madzi m'matauni kumayesa kufunikira kwa kuphera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda motsutsana ndi chiopsezo cha DBPs. Ndi kusinthana kosalekeza.

Chodabwitsa cha Kupita Patsogolo

Izi ndi zomwe ndikuona kuti n’zodabwitsa: njira za makolo athu, ngakhale kuti zinali zosavuta, zinathetsa mavuto ambiri omwe timakumana nawo masiku ano.

Sitinasinthe kwenikweni njira zothetsera mavuto. Tangopanga zidazi kukhala zogwira mtima, zosavuta, komanso zodzichitira zokha.

Zimene Njira Zakale Zinali Zolondola (Zimene Nthawi Zina Timaziiwala)

1. Nzeru zoyang'ana: Mabungwe akale analibe zida zasayansi, koma ankayang'anitsitsa zotsatira zake. "Madzi okoma bwino samatidwalitsa" inali njira yawo yowongolera khalidwe. Nthawi zina timataya nzeru imeneyi. Timakhulupirira kwathunthu mita yathu ya TDS, ngakhale pamene mphamvu zathu zomvera zikutiuza kuti china chake chalakwika.

2. Kusavuta kukonza: Miphika yadothi ikhoza kusinthidwa. Makala amatha kusonkhanitsidwa. Mchenga ukhoza kutsukidwa. Machitidwe akale oyeretsera madzi anali am'deralo, okonzedwa, ndipo sankafuna zida zawozawo. Tasinthana kukonza kuti zikhale zosavuta ndipo pamapeto pake tinapanga makina omwe amatayidwa ngati gawo la $10 lalephera.

3. Kupanda zinyalala: Zinthu zina zomwe zinapangidwa chifukwa cha kuyeretsa kwakale zinali dothi lokhazikika (lomwe lingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati feteleza) ndi makala otayika (omwe angakwiridwe kapena kupakidwa manyowa). Machitidwe amakono a RO amapanga makatiriji amadzi otayira ndi pulasitiki omwe amakhalabe m'malo otayira zinyalala kwa zaka mazana ambiri.

4. Kufunika kwa kuleza mtima: Njira zakale zinkatenga nthawi. Madzi ankakhazikika usiku wonse. Kusefa mchenga kunali kochedwa. Kuwiritsa kumafuna mafuta. Takonza liwiro, nthawi zina osagwiritsa ntchito bwino.

Zimene Taphunzira (Zomwe Sanathe Kudziwa)

1. Dziko losaoneka: Mabakiteriya, mavairasi, zitsulo zolemera, ma VOC, PFAS, mankhwala. Zoipitsa izi sizioneka ndi maso. Madzi akale anali nazonso, koma dziko lakale silinkadziwa. Sayansi yathu imatipatsa chithunzi chokwanira.

2. Kapangidwe ka madzi: Timamvetsetsa pH, kuuma, alkalinity, ndi kuyanjana pakati pa mchere ndi zinthu zodetsa. Tikhoza kuthana ndi mavuto enaake pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo winawake.

3. Kukula kwa kuipitsidwa: Kuipitsidwa kwa mafakitale, madzi otayira m'minda, ndi mapulasitiki ang'onoang'ono sizinalipo kale. Madzi athu ndi oipitsidwa m'njira zomwe palibe amene akanaganiza zaka 200 zapitazo. Tikufunika zida zapamwamba zomwe tapanga.

4. Kufunika kwa kuyesa: Njira zakale zinali zongoganizira chabe. Tikhoza kuyesa madzi athu, kudziwa bwino zomwe zili mkati mwake, ndikusankha yankho lolondola.

Kupanga: Kulemekeza Zakale, Kulandira Zatsopano

Sindikupangira kuti musiye njira yanu yopezera ndalama chifukwa cha mphika wadothi. Kuyeretsa madzi kwamakono kumapulumutsa miyoyo. Koma ndikuganiza kuti tingaphunzirepo kanthu kuchokera ku nzeru zakale.

Samalani ndi zomwe mukumva. Ngati madzi akukoma kwambiri, akuyesera kukuuzani zinazake. Musawanyalanyaze.

Chepetsani ngati n'kotheka. Ngati madzi anu akumaloko ndi abwino ndipo akungofunika kusintha kukoma, fyuluta yosavuta ya kaboni ndiyokwanira. Simukusowa dongosolo la magawo khumi ndi anayi.

Ganizirani za nthawi yogwira ntchito komanso kuthekera kokonza. Sankhani makina okhala ndi zida zokhazikika komanso zosinthika. Pewani makatiriji enieni omwe amakutsekerani ku kampani imodzi yokha.

Chepetsani zinyalala. Bwezeretsaninso zosefera zanu ngati n'kotheka. Ikani manyowa mu kaboni wanu wogwiritsidwa ntchito. Kachitidwe kalikonse kakang'ono kamachepetsa katundu wotayira zinyalala.

Khalani oleza mtima. Kusefa kumatenga nthawi. Musakankhire makina anu mopitirira muyeso.

Mwambo wa Mmawa

M'mawa uliwonse tsopano, ndimathira kapu ya madzi kuchokera ku dongosolo langa la RO. Ndi mwambo waung'ono: galasi loyera, madzi ozizira, mphindi yoyamikira. Ndimaganizira za ulendo womwe madzi adutsa—kudzera m'madzi akale, kudzera m'malo oyeretsera madzi a m'matauni, kudzera m'makina anga. Ndimaganizira za anthu mamiliyoni ambiri, m'zaka zikwizikwi, omwe akufunafuna chinthu chomwecho: madzi omwe ndi otetezeka kumwa.

Ukadaulo wasintha. Chikhumbo sichinasinthe.

Mphika wa dothi wa agogo anga unandiphunzitsa chinthu chomwe dongosolo langa la RO silingathe kuchita: madzi oyera ndi ufulu wa munthu, chosowa cha munthu, komanso kupambana kwa munthu. Takhala tikugwira ntchito imeneyi kwa zaka zikwi zambiri. Ndipo tikugwirabe ntchito.