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Tim Heffernan ndi wolemba nkhani zokhudza ubwino wa mpweya ndi madzi komanso ukadaulo wa mphamvu zokhazikika. Amakonda kuyesa zotsukira pogwiritsa ntchito utsi wa machesi a Flare.
Tawonjezeranso njira yabwino kwambiri, Cyclopure Purefast, fyuluta yogwirizana ndi Britain yomwe ili ndi satifiketi ya NSF/ANSI yochepetsera PFAS.
Ngati mukufuna njira yosavuta yopezera madzi akumwa osefedwa kunyumba, tikukulangizani Brita Elite Water Filter, komanso Brita Standard Everyday 10-Cup Pitcher kapena (ngati mumagwiritsa ntchito madzi ambiri m'nyumba mwanu) Brita Standard 27-Cup Capacity Pitcher kapena Brita Ultramax Water Dispenser. Koma musanasankhe chilichonse, dziwani kuti patatha pafupifupi zaka khumi tikusefa madzi m'nyumba, tikukhulupirira kuti zosefera zamadzi zomwe zili pansi pa sinki kapena pansi pa mpombi ndi chisankho chabwino kwambiri. Zimakhala nthawi yayitali, zimapereka madzi oyera mwachangu, zimachepetsa zodetsa, sizingatseke, ndipo zimatenga mphindi zochepa kuti ziyike.
Mtundu uwu uli ndi ziphaso zoposa 30 za ANSI/NSF, kuposa fyuluta ina iliyonse m'gulu lake, ndipo wapangidwa kuti ugwiritsidwe ntchito kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Koma monga mafyuluta onse, ukhoza kutsekeka.
Ketulo ya Brita signature ndi gulu lodziwika bwino la ketulo ya fyuluta ndipo ndi yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndikusunga yoyera kuposa mitundu ina yambiri ya Brita.
Chotulutsira madzi cha Brita chili ndi mphamvu zokwanira kuti chikwaniritse zosowa za madzi za tsiku ndi tsiku za banja lalikulu, ndipo pompopu yake yosatuluka madzi yapangidwa kuti ikhale yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito kwa ana.
Chotsukira cha LifeStraw Home Dispenser chayesedwa kwambiri kuti chichotse zinthu zambiri zodetsa, kuphatikizapo lead, ndipo fyuluta yake ndi yolimba kwambiri kuti isatsekedwe kuposa fyuluta ina iliyonse yomwe tayesapo.
Zipangizo zosefera za Dexsorb, zoyesedwa motsatira miyezo ya NSF/ANSI, zimagwira bwino ntchito zosiyanasiyana za mankhwala osatha (PFAS), kuphatikizapo PFOA ndi PFOS.
Mtundu uwu uli ndi ziphaso zoposa 30 za ANSI/NSF, kuposa fyuluta ina iliyonse m'gulu lake, ndipo wapangidwa kuti ugwiritsidwe ntchito kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Koma monga mafyuluta onse, ukhoza kutsekeka.
Fyuluta yogwira ntchito kwambiri ku Brita ndi Brita Elite. Ili ndi satifiketi ya ANSI/NSF ndipo imachotsa zodetsa zambiri kuposa fyuluta ina iliyonse yamadzi yokoka yomwe tayesa; zodetsa izi zikuphatikizapo lead, mercury, cadmium, PFOA, ndi PFOS, komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala a mafakitale ndi zodetsa zamadzi a pampopi zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira kukhala "zodetsa zomwe zikubwera." Ili ndi moyo wa magaloni 120, kapena miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, zomwe ndi nthawi yopitilira katatu kuposa nthawi yoyezedwa ya mafyuluta ena ambiri. Pakapita nthawi, izi zimapangitsa kuti Elite ikhale yotsika mtengo kuposa fyuluta yodziwika bwino ya miyezi iwiri. Komabe, matope omwe ali m'madzi amatha kutsekereza isanathe miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Ngati mukudziwa kuti madzi anu a pampopi ndi oyera koma mukufuna kuti azikoma bwino (makamaka ngati akununkhiza ngati chlorine), fyuluta yodziwika bwino ya kettle ndi dispenser ya Brita ndi yotsika mtengo ndipo siingathe kutsekeka, koma siitsimikiziridwa kuti ili ndi lead kapena mankhwala ena aliwonse a mafakitale.
Ketulo ya Brita signature ndi gulu lodziwika bwino la ketulo ya fyuluta ndipo ndi yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndikusunga yoyera kuposa mitundu ina yambiri ya Brita.
Mwa ma pitcher ambiri a ku Brita, omwe timakonda kwambiri ndi Brita Standard Everyday 10-Cup Pitcher. Kapangidwe kake ka malo opanda kanthu kamapangitsa kuti kuyeretsa kukhale kosavuta kuposa mabotolo ena a ku Brita, ndipo mawonekedwe ake osinthira chala chimodzi amapangitsa kuti kudzazanso kukhale kosavuta. Chogwirira chake chopindika chooneka ngati C chimakhalanso chomasuka kuposa zogwirira zooneka ngati D zomwe zimapezeka m'mabotolo ambiri a ku Brita.
Chotulutsira madzi cha Brita chili ndi mphamvu zokwanira kuti chikwaniritse zosowa za madzi za tsiku ndi tsiku za banja lalikulu, ndipo pompopu yake yosatuluka madzi yapangidwa kuti ikhale yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito kwa ana.
Chotsukira Madzi cha Brita Ultramax chimasunga makapu pafupifupi 27 a madzi (makapu 18 mu thanki yosungiramo zinthu ndi makapu ena 9 mpaka 10 mu thanki yodzaza pamwamba). Kapangidwe kake kakang'ono kamasunga malo mufiriji, ndipo pompo imatseka ikathiridwa kuti isasefukire. Ndi njira yabwino yokhalira ndi madzi ambiri ozizira, osefedwa.
Chotsukira cha LifeStraw Home Dispenser chayesedwa kwambiri kuti chichotse zinthu zambiri zodetsa, kuphatikizapo lead, ndipo fyuluta yake ndi yolimba kwambiri kuti isatsekedwe kuposa fyuluta ina iliyonse yomwe tayesapo.
Tinagwiritsa ntchito LifeStraw Home Water Dispenser kusefa magaloni 2.5 a madzi odetsedwa ndi dzimbiri, ndipo ngakhale liwiro linachepa pang'ono kumapeto, silinasiye kusefa. Katunduyu ndiye chisankho chathu chabwino kwambiri kwa aliyense amene adakumanapo ndi zosefera zamadzi zotsekeka m'masefa ena amadzi, kuphatikizapo chosankha chathu chapamwamba, Brita Elite, kapena akufuna njira yothetsera madzi a m'mpopi odetsedwa kapena oipitsidwa. LifeStraw ilinso ndi ziphaso zinayi za ANSI/NSF (chlorine, kukoma ndi fungo, lead, ndi mercury) ndipo yayesedwa payokha ndi labu yovomerezeka kuti ikwaniritse miyezo yosiyanasiyana yoyeretsera ya ANSI/NSF.
Zipangizo zosefera za Dexsorb, zoyesedwa motsatira miyezo ya NSF/ANSI, zimagwira bwino ntchito zosiyanasiyana za mankhwala osatha (PFAS), kuphatikizapo PFOA ndi PFOS.
Zosefera za Cyclopure Purefast zimagwiritsa ntchito Dexsorb, chinthu chomwecho chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mafakitale ena ochizira matenda kuchotsa mankhwala osatha (PFAS) m'madzi a anthu onse. Zimagwira ntchito ndi ketulo ndi chotulutsira madzi chomwe timalimbikitsa ku Brita. Zimayesedwa kuti ndi magaloni 65, zimasefera mwachangu m'mayeso athu, ndipo sizimachedwa kwambiri pakapita nthawi, ngakhale kuti monga fyuluta iliyonse yogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yokoka, imatha kutsekeka ngati madzi anu ali ndi dothi lochuluka. Fyuluta imabweranso mu envelopu yolipiridwa kale; tumizani fyuluta yanu yogwiritsidwa ntchito ku Cyclopure, ndipo kampaniyo idzaibwezeretsanso m'njira yomwe ingawononge PFAS iliyonse yomwe yagwira kuti isatulukirenso m'chilengedwe. Brita yokha simalimbikitsa zosefera za chipani chachitatu, koma popeza zosefera za Purefast ndi Dexsorb zonse ndi zovomerezeka za NSF/ANSI kuti zichepetse PFAS, tingazilimbikitse motsimikiza. Dziwani kuti imagwira PFAS ndi chlorine zokha. Ngati muli ndi nkhawa zina, sankhani Brita Elite;
Ndakhala ndikuyesa zosefera madzi za Wirecutter kuyambira mu 2016. Pa lipotilo, ndakhala ndikukambirana kwa nthawi yayitali ndi NSF ndi Water Quality Association, mabungwe awiri akuluakulu otsimikizira zosefera madzi ku United States, kuti ndimvetse njira zawo zoyesera. Ndayankhulana ndi oimira opanga zosefera madzi ambiri kuti nditsimikizire zomwe akunena. Ndagwiritsa ntchito zosefera madzi ndi mitsuko ingapo yamadzi kwa zaka zambiri chifukwa kulimba konse, kusavuta komanso mtengo wokonza, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mosavuta ndikofunikira pazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kangapo patsiku.
Katswiri wakale wa sayansi ya zamoyo za m’nyanja ndi m’mlengalenga (NOAA) John Holecek anafufuza ndi kulemba buku loyambirira la bukuli, anachita mayeso akeake, ndipo analamula kuti pakhale mayeso ena odziyimira pawokha.
Bukuli ndi la anthu omwe akufuna fyuluta yamadzi yofanana ndi ketulo (yomwe imasonkhanitsa madzi kuchokera pampopi ndikusunga mufiriji).
Ubwino wa ketulo yosefera ndi wakuti ndi yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito. Mumangoidzaza ndi madzi apampopi ndikudikira kuti sefayo igwire ntchito. Nthawi zambiri ndi yotsika mtengo: zosefera zina (zomwe nthawi zambiri zimafunika kusinthidwa miyezi iwiri iliyonse) nthawi zambiri zimawononga ndalama zosakwana $15.
Ali ndi zovuta zingapo. Amagwira ntchito bwino polimbana ndi zinthu zochepa zodetsa kuposa zosefera zambiri zomwe zimayikidwa pansi pa sinki kapena pansi pa mpope chifukwa zimadalira mphamvu yokoka osati mphamvu ya madzi, zomwe zimafuna fyuluta yocheperako.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yokoka kumatanthauzanso kuti zosefera za ketulo zimakhala zochedwa: kudzaza madzi kuchokera pamwamba pa thanki kumatenga pakati pa mphindi 5 ndi 15 kuti zidutse mu fyuluta, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimafunika kudzaza madzi kangapo kuti mutenge mtsuko wonse wa madzi oyera.
Zosefera za ketulo nthawi zambiri zimatsekeka ndi dothi lochokera m'madzi a pampopi kapena ngakhale thovu laling'ono la mpweya lomwe limapangidwa m'makina opumira mpweya a pampopi ndipo limatsekeka.
Pazifukwa izi, tikukulimbikitsani kuyika fyuluta pansi pa sinki kapena pa pompo ngati zinthu zilola.
Ku United States, madzi a anthu onse amayendetsedwa ndi Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) motsatira Safe Drinking Water Act, ndipo madzi otuluka m'malo oyeretsera madzi a anthu onse ayenera kukwaniritsa miyezo yapamwamba kwambiri. Komabe, si zinthu zonse zodetsa zomwe zingachitike zomwe zimayendetsedwa.
Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zodetsa zimatha kulowa madzi akatuluka m'mafakitale otsukira madzi kudzera m'mapaipi otuluka madzi kapena (ngati pali lead) potulutsa madzi m'mapaipiwo. Kutsuka madzi pafakitale (kapena kulephera kutero) kungapangitse kuti madzi atuluke m'mapaipi otsika pansi pa madzi, monga momwe zinachitikira ku Flint, Michigan.
Kuti mudziwe zomwe wogulitsa wanu akusiya, nthawi zambiri mumatha kupeza Lipoti Lodalirika la EPA Consumer Confidence (CCR) la wogulitsa wanu wapafupi pa intaneti. Kupanda kutero, ogulitsa onse amadzi a anthu onse ayenera kupereka CCR akapempha.
Koma chifukwa cha kuthekera kwa kuipitsidwa kwa madzi m'madzi, njira yokhayo yodziwira bwino zomwe zili m'madzi a m'nyumba mwanu ndikuziyesa. Laboratory yanu yapafupi ikhoza kuyesa, kapena mungagwiritse ntchito zida zoyesera kunyumba. Tinawunikanso 11 mwa izo ndipo tinachita chidwi ndi SimpleLab's Tap Score, yomwe ndi yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndipo imapereka lipoti lathunthu komanso lomveka bwino la zinthu zoipitsa, ngati zilipo, zomwe zili m'madzi anu apampopi.
Mayeso apamwamba a SimpleLab Tap Score amadzi a mumzinda amapereka kusanthula kwathunthu kwa madzi anu akumwa komanso zotsatira zosavuta kuwerenga.
Kuti tiwonetsetse kuti zosefera zamadzi zomwe timalimbikitsa ndizodalirika, nthawi zonse timaumirira kuti zomwe tasankha zikwaniritse muyezo wagolide: satifiketi ya ANSI/NSF. Bungwe la American National Standards Institute (ANSI) ndi National Science Foundation (NSF) ndi mabungwe achinsinsi, osachita phindu omwe amagwira ntchito ndi Environmental Protection Agency, opanga, ndi akatswiri ena kuti apange miyezo yokhwima yazinthu zambirimbiri, kuphatikizapo zosefera zamadzi, ndi njira zoyesera.
Zosefera zimakwaniritsa miyezo ya satifiketi pokhapokha zitapitirira nthawi yomwe zimayembekezeredwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo za "mayeso" zomwe zimakhala zodetsedwa kwambiri kuposa madzi ambiri apampopi.
Pali ma lab awiri akuluakulu omwe amavomereza zotsukira madzi: imodzi ndi NSF Labs ndipo inayo ndi Water Quality Association (WQA). Mabungwe onsewa ali ovomerezeka mokwanira ndi ANSI ndi Canadian Standards Council ku North America kuti achite mayeso a ANSI/NSF.
Koma patatha zaka zambiri tikukambirana zamkati, tsopano tikuvomerezanso zomwe anthu ambiri amanena kuti "zoyesedwa malinga ndi miyezo ya ANSI/NSF," zomwe sizinatsimikizidwe mwalamulo, koma ziyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira zina: choyamba, kuyesaku kumachitika ndi labu yodziyimira payokha yomwe siiyendetsedwa ndi wopanga zosefera; chachiwiri, labu yokha ndi ANSI kapena yodziwika ndi mabungwe ena adziko kapena omwe si aboma kuti imachita mayeso okhwima malinga ndi miyezo yokhazikitsidwa; chachitatu, labu yoyesera, zotsatira zake, ndi njira zake zimafalitsidwa ndi wopanga. Chachinayi, wopangayo wakhala ndi mbiri yayitali yopanga zosefera. Zolemba zake zatsimikizika kuti ndi zotetezeka, zodalirika, komanso zoona monga momwe zafotokozedwera.
Tinachepetsanso mwayi wopeza mafyuluta omwe ali ndi ziphaso kapena ofanana ndi miyezo iwiri ikuluikulu ya ANSI/NSF (Standard 42 ndi Standard 53, yomwe imaphimba chlorine ndi zinthu zina zodetsa "zokongola", komanso zitsulo zolemera monga lead ndi mankhwala achilengedwe monga mankhwala ophera tizilombo). Standard 401 yatsopano imaphimba "zinthu zodetsa zomwe zikubwera" monga mankhwala omwe amapezeka kwambiri m'madzi aku US, ndipo timayang'ana kwambiri mafyuluta omwe ali ndi kusiyana kumeneku.
Tinayamba ndi kuyang'ana makina otulutsira madzi otchuka okhala ndi makapu 10 mpaka 11, komanso makina otulutsira madzi akuluakulu omwe ndi oyenera makamaka mabanja omwe amagwiritsa ntchito madzi ambiri. (Makampani ambiri amaperekanso makina otulutsira madzi ang'onoang'ono kwa anthu omwe safuna makina otulutsira madzi okwanira.)
Kenako tinayerekeza tsatanetsatane wa kapangidwe kake (kuphatikizapo kalembedwe ka chogwirira ndi chitonthozo), kusavata koyika ndi kusintha fyuluta, malo omwe mtsuko ndi chotulutsira madzi zimatengera mufiriji, ndi kuchuluka kwa thanki yodzaza pamwamba poyerekeza ndi chiŵerengero cha thanki "yosefedwa" ya pansi (chiŵerengero chikakhala chachikulu, chimakhala chabwino, chifukwa mudzapeza madzi ambiri osefedwa nthawi iliyonse mukagwiritsa ntchito pompo).
Mu 2016, tinachita mayeso angapo mkati mwa makina osiyanasiyana kuti tiyerekeze zotsatira zathu ndi ziphaso za ANSI/NSF ndi zomwe opanga amanena. John Holecek anayeza kuchuluka kwa chlorine yomwe fyuluta iliyonse imachotsa mu labu yake. Pa njira zathu ziwiri zoyambirira, tinalamula labu yodziyimira payokha kuti iyese kuchotsa lead pogwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe zili ndi kuipitsidwa kwakukulu kwa lead kuposa momwe NSF imafunira mu ndondomeko yake yotsimikizira.
Pomaliza pa mayeso athu ndichakuti satifiketi ya ANSI/NSF kapena satifiketi yofanana ndi muyezo wodalirika poyesa magwiridwe antchito a fyuluta. Izi sizosadabwitsa chifukwa cha kukhwima kwa miyezo ya satifiketi. Kuyambira pamenepo, tadalira satifiketi ya ANSI/NSF kapena satifiketi yofanana kuti tidziwe momwe fyuluta ina imagwirira ntchito.
Mayeso athu otsatira akuyang'ana kwambiri momwe zinthu zingagwiritsidwire ntchito, komanso zinthu zenizeni ndi zofooka zomwe zimaonekera pokhapokha mutagwiritsa ntchito zinthuzi kwa nthawi yayitali.
Mtundu uwu uli ndi ziphaso zoposa 30 za ANSI/NSF, kuposa fyuluta ina iliyonse m'gulu lake, ndipo wapangidwa kuti ugwiritsidwe ntchito kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Koma monga mafyuluta onse, ukhoza kutsekeka.
Filter ya Madzi ya Brita Elite (yomwe kale inali Longlast+) ili ndi satifiketi ya ANSI/NSF yochotsa zinthu zodetsa zoposa 30 (PDF), kuphatikizapo lead, mercury, microplastics, asbestos, ndi PFAS ziwiri zodziwika bwino: perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) ndi perfluorinated octane sulfonic acid (PFOS). Izi zimapangitsa kuti ikhale fyuluta yamadzi yovomerezeka kwambiri yomwe tayesa, ndipo timalimbikitsa kwa iwo omwe akufuna mtendere wamumtima.
Yavomerezedwa kuti ichotsa zinthu zina zambiri zodetsa. Zinthuzi zikuphatikizapo chlorine (yowonjezeredwa m'madzi kuti ichepetse mabakiteriya ndi tizilombo tina toyambitsa matenda, yomwe ndi chifukwa chachikulu cha "kukoma koipa" m'madzi apampopi), mankhwala osinthika omwe amatha kuwononga chiwindi, komanso mitundu "yomwe ikukula"; zinthu monga bisphenol A (BPA), DEET (mankhwala oletsa tizilombo), ndi estrone, mtundu wopangidwa wa estrogen, zikupezeka.
Ngakhale kuti ma pitcher ambiri ali ndi zosefera madzi zomwe zimafunika kusinthidwa ma galoni 40 kapena miyezi iwiri iliyonse, fyuluta yamadzi ya Elite imatha ma galoni 120 kapena miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Mwachidule, izi zikutanthauza kuti muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zosefera madzi ziwiri za Elite pachaka m'malo mwa zisanu ndi chimodzi - zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinyalala zichepe ndikuchepetsa ndalama zosinthira ndi pafupifupi 50%.
Pa fyuluta ya pitcher, imagwira ntchito mwachangu kwambiri. Mu mayeso athu, kudzaza kwathunthu kwa fyuluta yatsopano ya Elite kunatenga mphindi 5-7 zokha. Fyuluta zofanana zomwe tinayesa zimatenga nthawi yayitali - nthawi zambiri mphindi 10 kapena kuposerapo.
Koma pali vuto. Monga zosefera zonse za pitcher, Elite imakonda kutsekeka, zomwe zimatha kuchepetsa liwiro lake kapena kuimitsa kusefedwa kwake, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti muyenera kuisintha pafupipafupi. Ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri adandaula za vutoli, ndipo mu kuyesa kwathu, Elite inayamba kuchepa liwiro lake isanafike ngakhale mphamvu yake yokwana malita 120. Ngati muli ndi vuto la dothi m'madzi anu apampopi (nthawi zambiri chizindikiro cha mapaipi otupa), mwina mukukumana ndi vuto lomweli.
Ndipo simungafunike chitetezo chonse cha Elite. Ngati muli ndi chidaliro kuti madzi anu apampopi ndi abwino (mungadziwe ndi katswiri woyesera kunyumba), tikukulimbikitsani kuti musinthe kukhala fyuluta yoyambira ya kettle ndi water dispenser ya Brita. Ili ndi ziphaso zisanu zokha za ANSI/NSF (PDF), kuphatikizapo chlorine (koma osati lead, organics, kapena emerging contaminants), zomwe ndi zochepa kwambiri kuposa Elite. Koma ndi fyuluta yotsika mtengo, yosatseka yomwe ingathandize kukonza kukoma kwa madzi anu.
N'zosavuta kusokoneza mukayika fyuluta ya Brita. Poyamba, fyulutayo inkaoneka kuti yalowa bwino pamalo pake. Koma kwenikweni imafunika kukankhira kwina kuti ilowe mkati. Ngati simukuikankhira pansi, madzi osasefedwa amatha kutuluka m'mbali mwa fyulutayo mukadzaza malo osungira madzi apamwamba, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti madzi anu "osefedwa" sadzatuluka kwenikweni. Zina mwa zosefera zomwe tidagula pa mayeso a 2023 zimafunikanso kuyikidwa kuti malo aatali mbali imodzi ya fyulutayo ayende pamwamba pa mtunda wofanana m'mabotolo ena a Brita. (Mabotolo ena, kuphatikizapo botolo lathu lamadzi labwino kwambiri la makapu 10 tsiku lililonse, alibe mipanda, zomwe zimakupatsani mwayi woyika fyulutayo mbali iliyonse.)